Keywords: Regarding the number of genes, it should in any casealways be kept in mind that positive, but not negative, evidence for the existence of a gene may be obtained because, from a structural point of view, a locus could be present, or amplified, due to a copy number variation (CNV) shared by only a limited number of subjects. MCP and MC supervised the project. Genes here can impact the space between eyes and thickness of the lower lip. The assemblage of genes ND5 and ND6 was the worst of all, for which the length was 16% and 27% of the length of the whole gene, respectively. 2016;25:252538. Google Scholar. Protein coding genes. Non-coding RNA genes: 271 to 1,060 Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, et al. Nucleic Acids Res. Cell 70, 431442 (1992). Then, the average expression per disease was further averaged as the disease baseline expression. Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes . Here we provide a tabulated set of data about human nuclear protein-coding genes (genes, transcripts and gene features such as exons, coding portion of the exons and introns) derived from advanced parsing of NCBI Gene web site offered in a standard, ready-to-use spreadsheet format. The .gov means its official. Lowenstein, E. J. et al. At 181 million base pairs, chromosome 5 is the fifth largest human chromosome, accounting for 6% of the total. Click to obtain the corresponding list of genes. Google Scholar. Proc. Nature. Non-coding RNA genes: 244 to 881 View/Edit Mouse. The UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Homo sapiens proteome contains one representative . Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Galtier studied protein-coding genes in 44 metazoan species pairs to investigate the relationships between the rate of adaptive evolution (measured using and a) and N e. There was a positive relationship between and N e, but a negative relationship between the estimated rate of fixation of deleterious mutations ( na) and N e. DNA Res. Measuring 90 megabases in length, Chromosome 16 has exceptionally high gene density, particularly relating to genetic diseases in humans, which numbers about 150 out of the 90 million nucleotide sequences. The data are updated as of January 2019, 3years after the last published analysis of human gene features [6] and pre-filtered according to public annotation about the review or validation of the records to ensure reliability of the data. Genes contain nucleotides strands containing instructions on how to generate protein or RNA molecules. Humans have about 20,000 protein-coding genes but scientists still know remarkably little about most of the proteins they encode. 2015;22:495503. Baker, S. J. et al. Consensus pseudogenes predicted by the Yale and UCSC pipelines, Protein-coding transcript translation sequences, Genome sequence, primary assembly (GRCh38), It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the reference chromosomes only, It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and alternate loci (haplotypes), It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the primary assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds) sequence regions, It contains the basic gene annotation on the reference chromosomes only, It contains the basic gene annotation on the reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and alternate loci (haplotypes), It contains the basic gene annotation on the primary assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds) sequence regions, It contains the comprehensive gene annotation of lncRNA genes on the reference chromosomes, It contains the polyA features (polyA_signal, polyA_site, pseudo_polyA) manually annotated by HAVANA on the reference chromosomes, 2-way consensus (retrotransposed) pseudogenes predicted by the Yale and UCSC pipelines, but not by HAVANA, on the reference chromosomes, tRNA genes predicted by ENSEMBL on the reference chromosomes using tRNAscan-SE, Nucleotide sequences of all transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequences of coding transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Transcript biotypes: protein_coding, nonsense_mediated_decay, non_stop_decay, IG_*_gene, TR_*_gene, polymorphic_pseudogene, protein_coding_LoF, Amino acid sequences of coding transcript translations on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequences of long non-coding RNA transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequence of the GRCh38.p13 genome assembly version on all regions, including reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and haplotypes, The sequence region names are the same as in the GTF/GFF3 files, Nucleotide sequence of the GRCh38 primary genome assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds), Remarks made during the manual annotation of the transcript, Entrez gene ids associated to GENCODE transcripts (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Piece of evidence used in the annotation of an exon (usually peptides, mRNAs, ESTs), Source of the gene annotation (Ensembl, Havana, Ensembl-Havana merged model or imported in the case of small RNA and mitochondrial genes), HGNC approved gene symbol (from Ensembl xref pipeline), PDB entries associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Manually annotated polyA features overlapping the transcript 3'-end, Pubmed ids of publications associated to the transcript (from HGNC website), RefSeq RNA and/or protein associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Amino acid position of a selenocysteine residue in the transcript, UniProtKB/SwissProt entry associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Piece of evidence used in the annotation of the transcript, UniProtKB/TrEMBL entry associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline). Chromosome 10 Protein-coding genes: 706 to 754 Non-coding RNA genes: 244 to 881 Pseudogenes: 568 to 654 EXON NUMBER IN PROTEIN-CODING GENES Average number of exons in one gene Largest number in one gene Smallest number in one gene EXON SIZE IN PROTEIN-CODING GENES 16.6 kb All authors critically discussed the final manuscript. We wish to sincerely thank Matteo and Elisa Mele and family; the community of Dozza (BO), Italy: Comitato Arzdore di Dozza, Parrocchia di Dozza and Pro-Loco di Dozza as well as the Costa family and Lem Market Alimentari Srl for their support to our research. Jobs People Learning Dismiss Dismiss. Based on transcriptomics analysis across all major organs and tissue types in the human body, all putative 20090 protein coding genes have been classified with regard to abundance and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules, including 10986 proteins showing a significantly elevated level of expression in a particular tissue or a group of related tissues and 8776 proteins detected in all organs and tissues. The Human Protein Atlas project is funded. Aim: This study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the association of single nucleotide variants; namely . CAS In an additional analysis of the 2415 protein-coding genes differentially expressed over time, we performed an ORA enrichment of genes related to immune functions. Measuring 82 megabases, chromosome 13 accounts for up to 3.5% of the human genome. 28S ribosomal protein L42, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL42 gene. Read more about the different categories of elevated expression here. Front Genet. RT-PCR. Internet Explorer). They were derived from the GeneBase Genes table, including official Gene Symbol, Chromosome, Gene Type,and gene RefSeq status from the Gene_Summary related table. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. 99.4% of the bodys euchromatic DNA is located in chromosome 20. The UCSC genome browser database: 2019 update. eCollection 2022. Cookies policy. Comprehensive multi-omic profiling of somatic mutations in malformations of cortical development. Chromosome 1 (human) Chromosome 2 (human) Chromosome 3 (human) Chromosome 4 (human) Chromosome 5 (human) Chromosome 6 (human) Chromosome 7 (human) Chromosome 8 (human) Chromosome 9 (human) Chromosome 10 (human) Non-coding RNA genes: 165 to 404 2019;47:D745D751. In addition, based on biological data mining, for each cell line, the relative activity of 14 cancer-related pathways and 43 cytokines were inferred and presented to characterize the phenotype of the cell line. -, Cunningham F, Achuthan P, Akanni W, Allen J, Amode MR, Armean IM, Bennett R, Bhai J, Billis K, Boddu S, et al. Protein-coding genes: 996 to 1,111 In total, 16465 of all human protein coding genes (n= 20090) are detected in the human brain. The team followed up with a detailed molecular analysis which confirmed that the variant affects the expression of several cytoskeletal proteins and smooth muscle cell function. Finally, we confirm that there are no human introns shorter than 30bp. A tour through the most studied genes in biology reveals some surprises. The mRNA expression data is derived from deep sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq) from 256 different normal tissue types. statement and Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Protein-coding genes: 215 to 256 The human genome is conventionally divided into the "coding" genome, which generates the ~20,000 annotated human protein coding genes, and the "dark" genome, which does not encode. Among more than 60 different . We first performed a protein-centric transcriptomics scan to define a revised set of human secreted proteins (secretome) based on 19,670 protein-coding genes predicted by Ensembl ().For each protein-coding gene, all protein isoforms (splice variants) were annotated on the basis of the presence of a signal peptide, transmembrane regions, or both, and each protein isoform was classified as being . If two predicted genes have been merged to form a new gene, both OLNs are indicated, separated by a slash. Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy, Allison Piovesan,Francesca Antonaros,Lorenza Vitale,Pierluigi Strippoli,Maria Chiara Pelleri&Maria Caracausi, You can also search for this author in Maddon, P. J. et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-017-07291-9. DIMES N. 3997 24-11-2015/Fondazione Umano Progresso, NCBI Resource Coordinators Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. AB046579 - Homo sapiens teckvar mRNA for chemokine TECK variant precursor, . Search human. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) PubMed Mouse-over reveals the number of genes in each of the three categories. eCollection 2023 Mar 14. If you hold your mouse over a symbol, the corresponding organ will be highlighted in the human figure. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Researchers often turn to model organisms to understand the complex molecular mechanisms of the human body. We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. Both types of genes can produce non-coding transcripts, but non-coding RNA genes do not produce protein-coding transcripts. (ii) The enrichment of the TCGA cohort elevated genes (i.e., the union of enriched, group enriched, and enhanced genes in the TCGA cohort) in cell lines was evaluated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Nature The two initial human genome papers reported 31,000 [ 2] and 26,588 protein-coding genes [ 3 ], and when the more . The three data tables Genes.xlsx, Transcripts.xlsx and Gene_Table.xlsx have been released in the public repository Open Science Framework and they can be freely downloaded at the address: https://osf.io/mhda7/. The UCSC Genes track is a set of gene predictions based on data from RefSeq, GenBank, CCDS, Rfam, and the tRNA Genes track. Go to interactive expression cluster page. The sequence of the human genome. NCBI Resource Coordinators. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in "There are 3000 human proteins whose function is unknown," says Wood. More surprisingly, until about the year 2000, the fastest growing groups of human genes in the newly added literature were those that have never/rarely been reported about in previous years. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Produces many zinc based proteins, such as ZBTB43 and ZNF79. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1095. How has the classification of all protein-coding genes been done? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A well-known limit of genome browsers is that the large amount of genome and gene data is not organized in the form of a searchable database, hampering full management of numerical data and free calculations. FA, LV, MCP and MC contributed to the analysis of the data and performed the validation. Nat Genet. Pseudogenes: 458 to 566. Voshall A, Moriyama EN. (2018)). We set out the expected frequency of ARE-containing genes at 25.55%, considering the ARE database (38) and 19,116 human protein coding genes (39). An interactive network plot of the numbers of enriched and group enriched genes in all major organs and tissue types in the human body, connected to their respective enriched tissues. The team was left with 21,306 protein-coding genes and 21,856 non-coding genes many more than are included in the two most widely used human-gene databases. Open Access articles citing this article. ESPRESSO: Robust discovery and quantification of transcript isoforms from error-prone long-read RNA-seq data. Google Scholar. -. NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of human protein-coding genes page 1, List of human protein-coding genes page 2, List of human protein-coding genes page 3, List of human protein-coding genes page 4, Entrez-Cross Database Query Search System, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_human_genes&oldid=1095516146, This page was last edited on 28 June 2022, at 20:15. Systematic reanalysis of partial trisomy 21 cases with or without Down syndrome suggests a small region on 21q22.13 as critical to the phenotype. CAS CAS Pseudogenes: 931 to 1,207. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Non-coding RNA genes: 422 to 1,188 Summary. "If people like our gene list, then maybe a . 2023 Jan 10;13:1085139. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1085139. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Protein-coding genes: 706 to 754 protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase: 5: 20: PCNA: 113: proliferating cell nuclear antigen: 12: 67: PDGFB: 47: platelet-derived growth factor beta . Dalgleish, A. G. et al. Klatzmann, D. et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. On average 10% of these genes are located in genomic regions unannotated by 12 other gene catalogs. 2013;14:R36. Pseudogenes: 703 to 933. This is a list of 1639 genes which encode proteins that are known or expected to function as human transcription factors. [International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Nature 312, 763767 (1984). 2004. PubMed Appended below is the summary of each of the chromosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S . Google Scholar. It is one of the only two allosome chromosomes (gender-determining chromosomes) in the human body. The clustering of 19023 genes expressed in tissues resulted in 89 expression clusters, which have been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity. Here, RNA-seq profiles of cell lines generated by the HPA (n = 69) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE 2019; n = 1019) were integrated, with the 33 common cell lines averaged for their gene expression. On the cell line category specific pages, which are accessed by clicking on the piechart or the colored boxes on the Cell Line section page, plots showing the cancer-related pathway (PROGENy) and cytokine (CytoSig) activity relative to the average expression of all analyzed cell lines as the baseline are displayed. Epub 2023 Jan 12. If you continue, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. CAS Yoshida H, Matsui T, Yamamoto A, Okada T, Mori K. XBP1 mRNA is induced by ATF6 and spliced by IRE1 in response to ER stress to produce a highly active transcription factor. Natl Acad. The cell line cancer enriched and group enriched genes are displayed in the interactive plot below, in which clicking on the red and orange circles results in gene lists for the corresponding enriched and group enriched genes, respectively. Getting a list of protein coding genes in human Getting a list of protein coding genes in human 0 3.3 years ago fi1d18 4.1k Hi I have raw read counts extracted by htseq from STAR alignment I have both data with both Ensembl IDs and gene symbols, but I need only a latest list of protein coding genes in human; I googled but I did not find Chromosome 11, which contains a little over 4% of our building blocks, is incredibly critical to our olfactory system as 40% of the 856 olfactory receptor genes in our body are clustered here. Nature 312, 767768 (1984). The de novo origin of a new protein-coding gene from non-coding DNA is considered to be a very rare occurrence in genomes. 2001;409:860921. A number of 2685 genes are classified as brain elevated and 202 genes were only detected in the brain. Copyright 2019 Geneservice.co.uk. The entire molecule is regulated by only one regulatory region which contains the origins of replication of both heavy and light strands. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Each tissue name is clickable and redirects to the selected proteome. Examples: HI0934, Rv3245c, ECs2657/ECs2658 Gene statistics; Human genes; Protein-coding genes. Pseudogenes: 761 to 902. Coding Region Position: hg38 chr19:8,053,050-8,062,225 Size: 9,176 Coding Exon Count: . In addition, following analysis based on the relationships between different data tables provided by the database at the core of the GeneBase tool, we provide the results in the simple form of a spreadsheet table, providing three data sets ready to be used for any type of analysis of the data about nuclear protein-coding genes, transcripts and gene organization (exons, coding exons and introns). 2019;47:D74551. The resulting file has been imported according to the user guide of GeneBase 1.1, available for free at http://apollo11.isto.unibo.it/software/ and including a FileMaker Pro runtime (FileMaker, Santa Clara, CA) at its core. Search model organisms. Join now Sign in Janne Bate's Post Janne Bate Principal Consultant at SRG Search by SRG - the data lead resource solution. Brief Bioinform. Privacy The position of the longest intron is related to biological functions in some human genes. p-arm Partial list of the genes located on p-arm (short arm) of human chromosome 3: . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. OLeary NA, Wright MW, Brister JR, Ciufo S, Haddad D, McVeigh R, Rajput B, Robbertse B, Smith-White B, Ako-Adjei D, et al. Pseudogenes: 513 to 598. More information about the specific content and the generation and analysis of the data in the section can be found on the Methods Summary. The second smallest of the lot, the 49 million base pair (1.5%) chromosome 22 has the distinction of being the first even chromosome to be completely sequenced (1999). For TCGA disease cohorts previously analyzed by the HPA pathology project also the ranking list of the cell lines based on gene expression similarity to the corresponding diseaase cohort is shown. Following the opening of the data sets in a spreadsheet application, users have easy access to the whole set of current reviewed/validated data about human nuclear protein-coding genes. Extensive annotations were added to aid identification of differentially expressed genes, potential gene editing sites, and non-coding gene . How was the similarity of the cell lines to the corresponding TCGA cancer cohorts analysed? Biol Direct. Pelleri MC, Cicchini E, Locatelli C, Vitale L, Caracausi M, Piovesan A, Rocca A, Poletti G, Seri M, Strippoli P, et al. Homo sapiens (human) long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 32 (LINC00032) sequence is a product of NONHSAG051958.2, E, LINC00032, lnc-EQTN-1, ENSG00000291187.1 genes. National Library of Medicine Disclaimer. Piovesan A, Vitale L, Pelleri MC, Strippoli P. Universal tight correlation of codon bias and pool of RNA codons (codonome): the genome is optimized to allow any distribution of gene expression values in the transcriptome from bacteria to humans. 1. We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. The transcript abundance of each protein-coding gene was estimated using the average TPM value of the individual samples for each cell line. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8. KJ901729 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_11123 CCL25 gene, encodes complete protein. Protein-coding genes: 804 to 874 The new human gene database contains 43,162 genes, of which 21,306 are protein-coding and 21,856 are noncoding, and a total of 323,824 transcripts, for an average of 7.5 transcripts per gene. 2018;46:D813. A study published last month (May 29) on BioRxiv provides an expanded database of approximately 5,000 novel genesof those, around 1,000 code for proteins, expanding the estimated number of protein-coding genes from around 20,000 to 21,000. Pseudogenes: 433 to 594. A genomic coordinate list of these protein-coding genes is available as Table S1. Eye Retina Heart Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Adrenal gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Lung Bone marrow The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Journal of Translational Medicine Fellowships for FA and MC have been funded by the Fondazione Umano Progresso DIMES N. 3997 24-11-2015, and individual donations acknowledged above. They make up the elementary units of heredity and are passed down from parents to children. The similarity between cell lines and the corresponding TCGA cohort was estimated by two different approaches: For all 1055 analyzed cell lines, the activity of a total of 14 cancer-related pathways were inferred using the PROGENy, a package that relies on biological data mining of publicly available data to obtain cancer-related pathway responsive genes for human and mouse (Schubert M et al. Correlation analysis based on mRNA expression levels of human genes in cancer tissue and the clinical outcome for almost 8000 cancer patients is presented in a gene-centric manner. Protein-coding genes: 1,194 to 1,292 Bioinformatics in the Era of Post Genomics and Big Data. To calculate the relative pathways activities across all cell lines, the normalized values were centered by subtracting the mean value per gene. Comparison with a previous report of 3years ago [6], which in turn demonstrated important differences with the first analysis of the human genome sequence [10, 11], reveals some substantial changes in relevant parameters such as the number of known, characterized nuclear protein-coding genes (from 18,255 to 19,116), thus now approaching a limit theorized 5years ago [12]; the protein-coding non-redundant transcriptome space (from 53,827,863 to 59,281,518bp, with an increase of 10.1%); number of exons (from 412,641 to 562,164, plus 36.2%, when this number is not collapsed to eliminate redundant exons appearing in more than one mRNA) due to a relevant increase of the number of mRNA isoforms recorded. Accounts for up to 5.5% of our nucleotide base pairs, chromosome 7 has encoded instructions for the manufacturing of proteins such as Poliovirus and RNF216, which are responsible for viral RNA replication. Non-coding RNA genes: 260 to 639 Main summarized data derived from the analysis of our updated and standard-formatted data sets are also provided here, while the data tables remain available for human genome studies. Protein-coding genes: 261 to 285 8600 Rockville Pike Pseudogenes: 545 to 693. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dsv028. How has the pathway and cytokine analysis been done? Abstract. 2014;23:586678. Then, the R package decoupleR was used to calculate the relative pathways activities based on the top 100 signature genes per pathway obtained from the R package progeny (Schubert M et al. BMC Research Notes Pseudogenes: 539 to 682. Epub 2006 Mar 9. Next the team showed that the same proportion of human protein-coding genes remain a mystery. In fact, scientists have estimated that there may be as many as 500,000 or more different human proteins, all coded by a mere 20,000 protein-coding genes. Piovesan, A., Antonaros, F., Vitale, L. et al. Based on the transcriptomics profiles, cell lines were evaluated for their consistency to the corresponding TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) disease cohort to help researchers to select the best cell lines as in vitro models for cancer research. Depending on the genome-sequencing center, OLNs are only attributed to protein-coding genes, or also to pseudogenes, and also to tRNA-coding genes and others. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Other parameters such as gene, exon or intron mean and extreme length appear to have reached a stability that is unlikely to be substantially modified by human genome data updates, at least regarding protein-coding genes. 5, 15131523 (1991). Non-coding RNA genes: 299 to 894 (2014) identified compound heterozygosity for mutations in the RNPC3 gene: the first was a c.1420C-A transversion, resulting in a pro474-to-thr (P474T) substitution at a highly conserved residue in a turn position between the beta-3 strand and alpha-2 helix, and the second was a c.1504C-T transition . To obtain LncRNA studies have been stimulated by the . We have generated general descriptive statistics for human nuclear protein-coding genes and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (Table1), exons, coding-exons and introns (Table2). Responsible for overly large nose tip, nasal bridge and ear lobes. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Pseudogenes: 1,113 to 1,426. Comparison with previous reports reveals substantial change in the number of known nuclear protein-coding genes (now 19,116), the protein-coding non-redundant transcriptome space [now 59,281,518 base pair (bp), 10.1% increase], the number of exons (now 562,164, 36.2% increase) due to a relevant increase of the RNA isoforms recorded. Human protein-coding genes and gene feature statistics in 2019. Accounting for just one and a half percent of the human genome, chromosome 21 is infamous for its role in Down syndrome. You can filter the table results by gene type to show only protein-coding or non-coding genes, or search within the list of human genes by gene name or protein name. (2018)). Human, non-human primates, domestic species and default for everything that is not a mouse, rat, fish, worm, or fly Full gene names are not italicized and Greek symbols are not used eg: insulin-like growth factor 1 Gene symbols Greek symbols are never used (e.g., TNFA, not TNF; PPARG, not PPAR ;) hyphens are almost never used The primary growth genes for cell divisions, which makes them vulnerable to cancers. 2016 Dec 26;2016:baw153. Protein-coding genes: 1,224 to 1,327 The protein data covers 15318 genes (76%) for which there are available antibodies. In: Abdurakhmonov IY, editor. -, Haeussler M, Zweig AS, Tyner C, Speir ML, Rosenbloom KR, Raney BJ, Lee CM, Lee BT, Hinrichs AS, Gonzalez JN, et al. "There are 3000 human . 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baw153. PhyloCSF scores are calculated based on codon substitution frequencies. In order to make a protein, a molecule closely related to DNA called ribonucleic acid (RNA) first copies the code within DNA. Protein-coding genes: 559 to 629