I beg leave through you to place them where due. Before we dive into the tyranny quotes, let us first ask: Is the United States government tyrannical? Print. The best way of preventing this, he wrote, is "to illuminate, as far as practicable, the minds of the people at large." It will often be exercised when wrong, but better so than not to be exercised at all. No person will have occasion to complain of the want of time who never loses any. For as Thomas Jefferson so aptly stated, "When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty." One thing that can feel demoralizing, though, is the feeling of being alone. Peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with none. #MSNBC #theResistance #Comey pic.twitter.com/uV3n6ejtwW, Mekkie Darkness (@MekkieDarkness) April 13, 2018. "Does the government fear us? G Quoteslyfe.com, 2023. Let history answer this question. The Essential Jefferson, p.86, Courier Corporation. Class I recalled products have the potential to cause serious harm or death. Star Seller Star Seller Star Sellers have an outstanding track record for providing a great customer experiencethey consistently earned 5-star reviews, shipped orders on . The people of the United States want to separate from the British monarchy that controls them. Typically, gun-rights advocates use the quote as an argument in their favor. Or fastest delivery Fri, Feb 17 . I was involved in deceiving millions of taxpayers regarding the potential negative side effects of vaccines. Echoing Crvecoeur and Jefferson, he concludes that white supremacy in America corrupts white people by schooling them in domination and tyranny, while blasting Negro fate and engendering in them violent hatreds and resentments bound to provoke bloody crisis.40, In 1778, Jefferson presented to the Virginia legislature "A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge," in which he argued that all forms of government could degenerate into tyranny. It is its natural manure." Thomas Jefferson, Letters of Thomas Jefferson tags: patriotism , revolution , slogan 482 likes Like "Determine never to be idle. 100 lined matte pages to create your way to an amazing day! " Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude. "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God.". Thomas Jefferson: A Chronology of His Thoughts, p.82, Rowman & Littlefield, Thomas Jefferson (1943). Collection. TheLock Stepscenario is described asa world of tighter top-down government control and more authoritarian leadership, with limited innovation and growing citizen pushbackand is based on a pandemic of a virus (an influenza strain) which infects nearly 20% of the world population and kills 8 million people in 7 months. . Read some today! The hungry buzzards stare into your soul. Quotation: When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty. Sentencing a mother of four to 12 years in prison for selling $31 of marijuana is arguably very cruel. The High Court of Australias decision to keep refugee children imprisoned in detention centres makes it crystal clear that injustice has become law in this country, said a member of Australias Socialist Alliance in 1993. This quality is the germ of all education in him. I shall not die without a hope that light and liberty are on a steady advance. Thomas Jefferson, Most men die at age 25, but arent buried until 70. Thomas Jefferson, I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have. Thomas Jefferson, The greatest calamity which could befall us would be submission to a government of unlimited powers. Thomas Jefferson, Experience demands that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the general prey of the rich on the poor. Thomas Jefferson, I prefer dangerous freedom over peaceful slavery. Thomas Jefferson, The government you elect is the government you deserve. Thomas Jefferson, Say nothing of my religion. . In Jefferson's letter to Short, Jefferson wrote of the political parties of the time, "The latter fear the people, and wish to transfer all power to the higher classes of society; the former consider the people as the safest depository of power in the last resort; they cherish them therefore, and wish to leave in them all the powers to the exercise of which they are competent." And she was vocal about it. The time to guard against corruption and tyranny is before they shall have gotten hold of us. It is always oppressive. Thomas Jefferson, I have sworn upon the altar of God Eternal, hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. Thomas Jefferson, It is not by the consolidation or concentration of powers but by their distribution that good government is effected. Thomas Jefferson, Power is not alluring to pure minds. Thomas Jefferson, Conquest is not in our principles. . Indeed, when all parties campaign effectively the overall effect is to push up voting rates, as you see in tight marginal seats or close general elections. Franklin Roosevelts statement comes to mind, In politics, nothing happens by accident. Bill Gates has gone on record saying the U.S. needs disease surveillance and a national tracking system that could involve vaccine records embedded in our bodies. She was right about vaccines and pharmaceutical drugs arent much better; theyre recalled by the hundreds every year. Thomas Jefferson Quotes. Determine never to be idle. Of those recalls, the FDA classified 139 as Class I. Follow AzQuotes on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. Happy Birthday, you would not believe the s**t we are seeing in politics today, said one Twitter user. Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, did believe in rebellion, and some of his letters convey that sentiment. T The Life and Writings of . Walking is the best possible exercise. The tumbleweed flies by. These are fetters against doing evil which no honest government should decline. Had the CIA carried out its 1962 plan to commit terrorist attacks in order to drum up support for war against Cuba, the alphabet boys would have acted with exceptional cruelty. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Following is a revealing portion of the report. The tyranny of the executive power will come in its turn, but at a more distant period., It is more dangerous that even a guilty person should be punished without the forms of law than that he should escape., The government you elect is the government you deserve., I have sworn upon the altar of god, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man., Experience hath shewn, that even under the best forms, those entrusted with power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into tyranny; and it is believed that the most effectual means of preventing this would be, to illuminate, as far as practicable, the minds of the people at large, When a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, All tyranny needs to gain a foothold is for people of good conscience to remain silent., Enlighten the people, and tyranny and oppressions of body and mind will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day., The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. Can he, then be trusted with the government of others? Money, not morality, is the principle commerce of civilized nations. Brandy Vaughn was just one woman; far more are on the list to be purged. 777 Words4 Pages. The Gates Foundation, the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the World Health Organization (WHO), Big Pharma and ourdemocrat-controlled propaganda mediaand their flip-flopping hero, Dr. Anthony Fauci have promoted and encouraged tyrannical actions nationwide. But the government does check the tyranny boxes when it wants to. Thomas Jefferson spoke a great deal about tyranny and rebellion which he knew only too well. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. Contact us. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The width and height of image are 1200 and 630, repectively. Vaccinated people are the true super spreaders who are putting society at risk. (9,495) $12.66. The less a tourist knows, the fewer mistakes he need make, for he will not expect himself to explain ignorance. (Although the FDA can order manufacturers to recall vaccines and nicotine products, the agency cannot force a company to recall defective or potentially harmful drugs.). Quotation:"When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty. Thus far, we have seen little pushback. I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; that his justice cannot sleep forever. Big Pharmas injections, and massive depopulation are the ultimate goals of the totalitarians. He who knows nothing is closer to the truth than he whose mind is filled with falsehoods and errors. Thomas Jefferson. When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty. It seems to be the law of our general nature, in spite of individual exceptions. All republished articles must include our logo, our reporters byline and their DCNF affiliation. Letter to Roger C.Weightman, 24 June 1826. five physicians who discussed vaccinated individuals causing health problems for the unvaccinated. Quotations by Thomas Jefferson, American President, Born April 13, 1743. . Your email address will not be published. This quote is about law, tyranny, rebellion, duty,. () The parent storms, the child looks on, catches the lineaments of wrath, puts on the same airs in the circle of smaller slaves, gives a loose to his worst of passions, and thus nursed, educated, and daily exercised in tyranny, cannot but be stamped by it with odious peculiarities., When governments fear the people there is liberty. Here, laying the dead to rest, like washing and feeding and birth, is womens work. The study of history could serve as an especially effective bulwark, allowing the people to learn how to defeat tyranny from past examples. A good day to remember his words. Quote Category. See all Thomas Jefferson Quotes. I have sworn upon the altar of God Eternal, hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude. Inspirational Quote by Thomas Jefferson - When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty. She knew that the drive to make a profit, for Merck and Big Pharma, far surpassed their commitment to testing and safety. Do you want to know who you are? Quoteslyfe.com, Retrieved March 05, 2023, from https://www.quoteslyfe.com/quote/When-tyranny-becomes-law-rebellion-becomes-duty-1106772. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that way.. "Peace and friendship with all mankind . The boisterous sea of liberty is never without a wave. From his cradle to his grave he is learning to do what he sees others do. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. "[5] To date, however, the most likely source of this quotation appears to be a series of debates on socialism published in 1914, in which John Basil Barnhill said, "Where the people fear the government you have tyranny. "It will often be exercised when wrong, but better so than not to be exercised at all. The government you elect is the government you deserve. Quotation: "Tyranny is defined as that which is legal for the government but illegal for the citizenry." Variations: None known. It is like a storm in the atmosphere., But Jefferson never said the far more pithy, When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty.. Timid men prefer the calm of despotism to the tempestuous sea of liberty. Edwin Blacks book,IBM and the Holocaustis a highly documented account of war profiteering and despicable politicians turning their heads. I do not add 'within the limits of the law' because law is often but the tyrant's will, and always so when it violates the . It is known to God and myself alone. Thomas Jefferson, A mind always employed is always happy. More high-tech spying measures to protect us. She was harassed and threatened for telling the truth. If very angry, count to one hundred. The spirit of resistance to government is so valuable on certain occasions, that I wish it to be always kept alive, he wrote in 1787. Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. Taxation follow that, and in its turn wretchedness and oppression. When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty ~ Thomas Jefferson pic.twitter.com/oFA2a1i64U, Frank Estrada, MSEd. Continue with Recommended Cookies. It is neither wealth nor splendor; but tranquility and occupation which give you happiness. Ingestible Bacteria for Vaccination: Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce antigens in a human host, acting as a vaccine, which triggers immunity to pathogens of concern. The tattooed numbers on holocaust victims arms were ID numbers used in IBM data bases (based on punched cards, not full-purpose computers). Thomas Jefferson. Ever wonder how the Nazis kept such explicit records? Quote by Thomas Jefferson: "When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty.." at www.quoteslyfe.com. People were growing weary and hateful about face diapers, so the stakeholders decided to lift that requirement. The constitutions of most of our States assert that all power is inherent in the people; that it is their right and duty to be at all times armed. Enabling approaches for DNA sequencing, data collection, analysis and sharing is the goal. Some of the quotations appear in edited form on the memorial, so when appropriate, we have also included the passages from which the selections were taken, with the quoted excerpts in bold. Dr. Thompson explained in an affidavit provided in 2014 to a member of a U.S. Congressional committee on science, The co-authors scheduled a meeting to destroy documents related to the study. Below are listed the quotations shown on the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. We should consider the benefits and the risks of vaccination. Quote Maker He who knows best knows how little he knows. C We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Neither Boncer nor Teddy comes out of the house, not even to watch from the veranda. They are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty. If once the people become inattentive to the public affairs, you and I, and Congress and Assemblies, Judges and Governors, shall all become wolves. I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man. Others are tories, serviles, aristocrats, &c. The latter fear the people, and wish to transfer all power to the higher classes of society; the former consider the people as the safest depository of power in the last resort; they cherish them therefore, and wish to leave in them all the powers to the exercise of which they are competent. I hope we shall crush in its birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial by strength, and bid defiance to the laws of our country. But this is all they have to fear from me: and enough, too, in their opinion. JUSTICE IS NOT JUST FOR US! exclaimed another user. Format of this image is jpg. If people let government decide which foods they eat and medicines they take, their bodies will soon be in as sorry a state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny. Unfortunately, our public health officials havent gotten to that point. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. . 931 Thomas Jefferson Parkway Question with boldness even the existence of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason, than that of blind-folded fear. JUSTICE IS NOT JUST FOR US! The widespread adoption of MAP technology would significantly decrease a populations time to complete immunization operations by enabling self-administration during emergencies. Popik believes the phrase was actually popularized by social activists in Australia. Sometimes it is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of himself. The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence 1771 - 1779, the Summary View, and the Declaration of Independence, p.212, Cosimo, Inc. Letter to Marquis de Lafayette, 2 Apr. People who feel obligated to defend the largest and most powerful organization on the face of the planet ought to consider that an abusive father can still make his kids macaroni and cheese for dinner after he has spent the past half hour throwing empty liquor bottles at them. Self-Spreading Vaccines: Self-spreading vaccines are genetically engineered to move through populations like communicable diseases, but rather than causing disease, they confer protection. And now here comes Governor Cuomo just like the Nazis, wanting to make sure everyone has a Jab Passport and hes hired IBM to help him make sure they document everyone. ". I do not add 'within the limits of the law' because law is often but the tyrant's will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual. A lone Rebel with a lone cause. [4]The Federalist, however, was the work of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, not Thomas Jefferson;nor doesThe Federalistcontain the text of this quotation. Holy cow! I like a little rebellion now and then. "Tyranny is defined as that which is legal for the government but illegal for the citizenry." Thomas Jefferson 98 likes Like "Enlighten the people generally, and tyranny and opressions of the body and mind will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day." Thomas Jefferson tags: enlighten , jefferson , opression , tyranny 59 likes Like Self-disseminatingtransmissible vaccinesare Americas totalitarian and authoritarian medical future, but thats not all. Tyranny Shirt, When Tyranny Becomes Law, Rebellion Becomes Duty, Thomas Jefferson Shirt, Anti Tyranny, Freedom Shirt, Patriot Tee Shirt. Our greatest happiness does not depend on the condition of life in which chance has placed us, but is always the result of a good conscience, good health, occupation, and freedom in all just pursuits. Jefferson: Political Writings, p.235, Cambridge University Press. We believe when you succeed we succeed with you. Jefferson wrote this phrase in a letter to George Washington on June 19, 1796. Jefferson was born on April 13. It is wonderful how much may be done if we are always doing. People took to Twitter Friday to wish Thomas Jefferson a happy 275th birthday, with some attributing the following quote to Americas third president: When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty.. Had Brandy lived, she would be horrified at the reported deaths from the Covid jabs. Share this quote: Like Quote. He also said, The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only object of good government. Good government has long been gone, and the care of human life and happiness was thrown out the window over 160 years ago, again in 1973 with the murder of our unborn and in 2020 with a worldwide Chinese virus which decimated Americas small businesses. I have waited a long time to tell my story and I want to tell it truthfully. As a whistleblower, Brandy startedLearntherisk.org, but in December 2020, she wasfound unresponsive by her nine-year-old son. If people let government decide which foods they eat and medicines they take, their bodies will soon be in as sorry a state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny. A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference. (434) 984-9800, All tyranny needs to gain a foothold(Spurious Quotation), Tyranny is defined as that which is legal for the government (Spurious Quotation), Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Thomas Jefferson Center for Historic Plants, Exploring Freedom & The Legacies of Slavery, Memoirs & Oral Histories by Members of Monticello's Enslaved Community, Landscape of Slavery: Mulberry Row at Monticello, Getting Word African American Oral History Project, Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, International Center for Jefferson Studies, The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government, Barnhill-Tichenor Debate on Socialism, As It Appeared in the National Rip-Saw, Butterflies, Mind Control -- The Razor's Edge: It's All in the Game. Scrolling through theJohns Hopkins Center for Health Securityreport onTechnologies to Address Global Catastrophic Biological Risksreveals the total medical surveillance and treatment plan for Americas citizenry. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny., We are not to expect to be translated from despotism to liberty in a featherbed., The executive power in our government is not the only, perhaps not even the principal, object of my solicitude. Liberty is invaluable, but it is always in jeopardy. In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock. (function(s,u,m,o,j,v){j=u.createElement(m);v=u.getElementsByTagName(m)[0];j.async=1;j.src=o;j.dataset.sumoSiteId='74838eab1fec782cc20b4fdeba2673d0a445405837a17f8405112260ef2ea3b1';v.parentNode.insertBefore(j,v)})(window,document,'script','//load.sumo.com/'); 12 years in prison for selling $31 of marijuana, reads its citizens private correspondences, places its own citizens in concentration camps. The recalled products have U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval and in many cases, are widely ingested, injected or implanted before being recalled. Truth between candid minds can never do harm. Tyranny (n): cruel and oppressive government or rule. Even just a few Thomas Sowell quotes will make you a smarter conservative. . B Improve yourself, find your inspiration, share with friends, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a people who mean to be free. I'm about 90 percent vegan. When the people fear the government, tyranny has found victory. She was one American who was truly in rebellion against tyranny. Brandy was a 47-year-old single mom, apparently healthy, and had been very clear that she no reason to commit suicide. "Thomas Jefferson Quotes." I never considered a difference of opinion in politics, in religion, in philosophy, as cause for withdrawing from a friend. Happy BDay Thomas Jefferson! Thomas Jefferson Quote: "When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty." " When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty. How much pain they have cost us, the evils which have never happened. It was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on June 30, 2015. One of IBMs machines has a prominent place in the Holocaust Museum in DC. E Related . It is error alone which needs the support of government. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny." Variations: "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. $31.99 $ 31. K Like Brandy, physicians, scientists and others who are telling the truth regarding this plandemic nightmare of death and destruction are also targets and theyve already been massively censored. The quotation bears a much closer resemblance to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s comment in his famous letter from Birmingham Jail: "One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Use QuoteFancy Studio to create high-quality images for your desktop backgrounds, blog posts, presentations, social media, videos, posters and more. Rebellion to tyranny is obedience to God. Now, be a good sport and print out this web page to take with you on your upcoming vacation to North Korea. The mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, nor a favored few booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of God. The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1787, "a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, and what no just government should refuse." We, the people, have just enshrined these rights so you, the federal government, cannot take them away from us. Q X The twisted facts and lies fed to us by media were planned and executed brilliantly. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." [1] References When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty!#ObamaGate #ClintonFoundation #Comey #Benghazi #JUSTICENOW #Awan #WitchHunt #ClearFlynnNow #FridayFeeling #LockThemAllUp The duty of The People is to protect its Country from the government! Or do we fear the government? would have sympathized with oppression wherever found, and proved their love of liberty beyond their own share of it. Quoteslyfe.com, 2023. I had always hoped that the younger generation receiving their early impressions after the flame of liberty had been kindled in every breast . When the people are afraid of the government, that's tyranny. truth itself becomes suspicious by being put into that . Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. You could say the same about one which roasts children alive, places its own citizens in concentration camps, codifies racism, and spies on Quakers. Jefferson was born on April 13. W Thomas Jefferson, We should consider the benefits and the risks of vaccination. Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost. I Our children see this, and learn to imitate it; for man is an imitative animal. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call to her tribunal every fact, every opinion. The end of democracy and the defeat of the American Revolution will occur when government falls into the hands of lending institutions and moneyed incorporations. In 2017 alone, manufacturers recalled 4,402 drug and device products, according to the Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Feel free to read our collection of liberty quotes and see. After 1860. Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom. For any questions about our guidelines or partnering with us, please contact[emailprotected]. All content created by the Daily Caller News Foundation, an independent and nonpartisan newswire service, is available without charge to any legitimate news publisher that can provide a large audience. The glow of one warm thought is to me worth more than money. It would appear as though Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) injections constitute the former. The vision is that a small number of individuals in a target population could be vaccinated, and the vaccine strain would then circulate in the population much like a pathogenic virus, resulting in rapid widespread immunity. The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence 1786-1787, p.263, Cosimo, Inc. Thomas Jefferson (2011). This is the true secret, the grand recipe, for felicity. Thomas Jefferson, When tyranny becomes law, rebellion becomes duty. Thomas Jefferson, Peace is that brief glorious moment in history when everybody stands around reloading. Thomas Jefferson, The press is impotent when it abandons itself to falsehood. Thomas Jefferson, Whenever you do a thing, act as if all the world were watching. Thomas Jefferson, No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever. Thomas Jefferson, Commerce with all nations, alliance with none, should be our motto. Thomas Jefferson, I believe the states can best govern our home concerns, and the general government our foreign ones. Thomas Jefferson, Never trouble another for what you can do yourself Thomas Jefferson, Nothing but free argument, raillery and even ridicule will preserve the purity of religion. Thomas Jefferson, Wine brightens the life and thinking of anyone Thomas Jefferson, Waris as much a punishment to the punisher as to the sufferer. Thomas Jefferson, Let the eye of vigilance never be closed. Thomas Jefferson, Every citizen should be a soldier. Thomas Jefferson "Enlighten the people generally, and tyranny and oppressions of the body and mind will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day." Thomas Jefferson "I have sworn upon the altar of God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man." Thomas Jefferson Accessed March 05, 2023. https://www.quoteslyfe.com/quote/When-tyranny-becomes-law-rebellion-becomes-duty-1106772. #MSNBC #theResistance #Comey, one user tweeted. V Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom. Censorship is not enough for the stakeholders in charge of totalitarian medical control. One of my favorite journalists, Daniel Greenfield, wrote aboutGovernor Cuomos vaccine passports and the IBM connection. ", First known appearance in print, attributed to Thomas Jefferson:2006[1], Comments:This statement has not been found in Thomas Jefferson's writings, although it captures some of the ideas that Jefferson expressed in theDeclaration of Independence, e.g.