"Soldiers and Tonton Macoutes seemed infected with a blood lust and shot anyone who moved or came near the Benoit place," retired Marine Corps officer Charles T. Williamson, in Haiti to help train Duvalier's army, wrote in his 1999 memoir, United States Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Most of the inhabitants were forced to flee the area and several dead bodies were eaten by dogs and rodents, as family members, fearing for their lives, preferred not to collect the corpses. Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population. Ordered to maintain the peace and security within Cambodia, all the while administering the prison camps the Khmer Rouge became notorious for, Santebal was responsible for untold thousands of executions at the roughly 150 prison camps across the country. This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. By Although this killing was not politically motivated, it provoked great concern since it was the first large-scale execution since the return to democracy and suggested that the armys violent tactics against the poor had not ended, even though Aristide had officially abolished it. [21] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. ANDREW MALONE: Rape, murder and voodoo on the island of the damned From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. 1988 (September 11): Event known as the massacre de Saint-Jean Bosco. Under General Namphys rule, unidentified armed men (probably former macoutes) killed at least 13 individuals (and wounded 80 more) inside the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, during Sunday mass. 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. Tontons Macoutes | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 Vido de la terreur des Duvalier Chassagne, Albert, Hati, bain de sang, in Frantz-Antoine Leconte (ed. Members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, commonly known as the Tonton Macoute, Haiti 1960 photo credit by reddit Over their 28-year run, the Makout killed an estimated 60,000 people, according to the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, b; Americas Watch, 1991: 4). [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. Leconte, Frantz Antoine, En Grandissant sous Duvalier: lagonie dun Etat-Nation, : LHarmattan, 1999. 1916 (June 4): Caco General Mizrael Codio and 10 of his men were executed after they were captured at Fonds-Verrettes (Northeast of Port-au-Prince, by the border with the Dominican Republic) by US Marines. The Tontons Macoutes remained active even after the presidency of Papa Doc Duvalier's son Baby Doc Duvalier ended in 1986. The strikers were part of a broader movement for democracy. 1929 (December 6): In Marchaterre, in the vicinity of Les Cayes (in the South of the country), the US Marines opened fire on a peaceful demonstration of peasants, killing between 12 and 22 of them. On April 5, 500 soldiers and macoutes arrived in the area and started the killing. Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. _ *** (MICIVIH, 1999: 5-6; United Nations, 2000: 15). The Vieux family lost four of its members. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the Presidents power, ofwhich there were many. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. Forces of Change against Forces of Death: The Jean Rabel Massacre in Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. According to oral testimony gathered by historian Roger Gaillard (1981b, 1983), these included summary executions, rapes, setting houses on fire after gathering their inhabitants inside them, lynchings, and torching civilians alive; one local public figure was buried alive. Aided in part by the CIA, the BRAC was most notably utilized during the 26 of July Movement which brought Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries to Cuba. The number of victims was 15 according to collective memory and 8 according to the Human Rights Watch report (1996). Amanus Mayette was under arrest, though no charges had been brought against him. While SAVAMA was a new police force in name, many historians argue that SAVAMA was merely an extension of its predecessor, maintaining the same methods as before. EPICA, Voices for Haiti Report, Beyond the Mountains, More Mountains. On July 23, 1999, the Minister of Justice created a judicial commission to supervise the investigation which, to this day (May 2005), has still not been completed. 1967 (June 8): 19 military officers and high-ranking officers were killed in Fort-Dimanche by a firing-squad led by Franois Duvalier himself. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses toward his ends; they were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. Those who had been arrested were threatened at the prison. Unpaid volunteers who were directly responsible only to Duvalier, they were given virtual license to torture, kill, and extort. But the torment did not end with the Duvaliers. Tonton Macoute (Short 2018) - IMDb Leaving Home 4. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). The following day, Vilbrun Sam and Etienne were dragged respectively from the consulates of France and of the Dominican Republic, where they had sought refuge, and were lynched by a mob. In power from 1957, Papa Doc made voodoo the country's official religion and claimed to be Baron Samedi, the religion's spirit of death. Most of the victims had lived in the poor neighborhoods of Bel-Air, La Saline and Saint-Martin. _ ** (Gaillard, 1983: 186-190, 237-241, 259-262; Trouillot, 1990: 102-107; Manigat, 2003: 71-74). At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. By 1572, fearing that the power of the Oprichniki had reached heights the Tsar could no longer control, Ivan forced the group to disband, making it a crime to even utter their name. The Securitate was also responsible for brutally crushing the dissident movements that attempted to gain footing in Romania starting in the later 1960s under totalitarian ruler Nicolae Ceausescu. The Progressive Inc. publishes The Progressive magazine plus Progressive.org and Public Schools Advocate. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. 'I, Too, Want to Be a Big Man': The Making of a Haitian 'Boat People', "The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror", "1. 1919 (January): 19 Caco prisoners were executed in Hinche on US Captain Lavoies orders. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. The democratically elected President Aristide ruled from 1994 to January 1996, and again from 2001 to 2004. By _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". _ *** (NCHR, 1986: 18-19; Human Rights Watch, 1996). Obituary: Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's former - BBC _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81; United Nations, 2000: 9). Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! 2004 (February 11): Event known as the massacre de la scierie. Fifty individuals, members of an anti-Aristide peoples organization known as RAMSICOM (sometimes spelled RAMICOS) were allegedly killed in the Scierie neighborhood of Saint-Marc by chimres(members of an illegal, armed pro-Aristide group) led by an organization known as Bal Wouz, whose leader, Amanus Mayette, was then a member of the Haitian Parliament. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1988-1989, Washington, D.C., 1990. Lemoine, Patrick, Fort-Dimanche, Fort-la-Mort, CIDIHCA, 1996. -. In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. Menu Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . Manigat, Leslie, Eventail dHistoire vivante dHaiti, vol. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. THE TONTON MACOUTES In order to intimidate the Garde, which still had some professional standards, Du-valier organized a "militia" which may num-ber some 8,000 men. They allegedly wanted revenge for the murder of a sergeant from the local barracks earlier that day. Turits (2003: 169) also contended that Dominican civilians did not participate in the killings, contrarily to Castors perception of the events (1988), as well as that of Haitian collective memory. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He has since published numerous books, Papa Doc: The Truth About Haiti Today (1969) and, most recently, Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Adventures in Haiti and Central America, 1954-1983 (2012). In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. They were killed in their cells by firing squads. Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, who has died of a heart attack aged 63, was just 19 when he inherited the title of president-for-life from his father, Francois or "Papa Doc", who had ruled Haiti . Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. Massacres perpetrated in the 20th Century in Haiti Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. Several dozens of people were also taken to the Fort-Dimanche prison in Port-au-Prince and were later disappeared, a method used afterward by the military regimes in Chile (1973-1989), Argentina (1976-1983) and Brazil (1964-1985). 10 of the Most Brutal Secret Police Forces in History - TheRichest A few days prior to January 17, a Justice of the Peace had ordered the arrest of 27 peasants from Gervais after the destruction of a storage area belonging to another party to the conflict. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 1992, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1991, Washington, D.C., OEA, 1992. macoutes Sony Borges and Grard Brunache extinguished their cigarettes in the eyes of crying children. Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the abbreviated name Tonton in 1972. Others will decide not to commemorate at all. LAgonie dun Etat-Nation, LHarmattan, , 1999. A nine-year old child from one of them managed to escape but was later found and then brought to the Presidential Palace, where he was allegedly put to death by Franois Duvalier himself. 4.00. Featured peformers: Dave Knowles (alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute, clarinet, vocals), Chris Gavin (bass guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar), Paul French (organ, electric . History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Rural people were crushed.". Reconpilacin y notas, Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1985. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, "Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context: Statist violence, scarcity and street child agency in Port-au-Prince", "2. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. The victims of Tonton Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). It was notorious for its widespread and brutal . The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. At least 13 people[1] (it is impossible to say how many;[2] some sources say 50[3]) were killed and around 80 wounded in a three-hour assault on the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, which saw the church burned down. Successive dictators have raped, murdered and even reputedly eaten their enemies. Amnesty International, Haiti Annual Report, 2001. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. Faced with considerable pressure from human rights groups, the Minister of Justice eventually issued an arrest warrant on September 13, 1995. United Nations, Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti (AA 55/335), United Nations, New York, 2000. La Droute de lintelligence, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1992. Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. [16], When Franois Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou was becoming celebrated for its purely Haitian heritage by intellectuals and the griots after having been let go for years by those with education. _ *** (United Nations, 2001: 17-18; Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section C4; Concannon, 2001; Concannon, 2005). 17:09 EST 13 Jan 2010 With such numbers, every aspect of East German life was infiltrated; schools, hospitals and industrial plants all maintained informants, as did every apartment building in East Germany. [6], According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the following day, "five men and one woman appeared on the government controlled television station (Tl Nationale) and admitted their participation in the attack on the church. A Milcia de Voluntrios da Segurana Nacional (em francs: Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, MVSN), comumente conhecidos como Tonton Macoute (literalmente "Tio do Saco", em crioulo haitiano, aludindo s figuras do "homem do saco" ou "bicho papo") [ 1] era uma fora paramilitar haitiana inspirada no fascismo [ 2] criada em 1959, e Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. Love words? Papa Doc Duvalier created the Tontons Macoutes because he perceived the military to be a threat to his power. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. The Roots of Haitian Vodou". In addition, 82 houses had been looted and torched. With nearly a half a million informants alone working for the Securitate, every facet of Romanian life was under surveillance, and even the most banal of criticism towards the regime could be met with severe punishment. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 Gang Violence In Haiti - Analysis - Eurasia Review The Tonton Macoute move in shadows, like ghosts. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), [] As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. The exact number of victims still remains unknown. Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack and eats them for breakfast. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH), which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jean_Bosco_massacre&oldid=1136679075, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 15:59. Eight of the eleven victims were unarmed. In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. [26] FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York, Montreal and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.[27]. 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Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). dr lorraine day coronavirus test. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization).