Following the fall of Jean-Claude, the Tonton macoutes had removed their blue uniforms and increasingly worked in civilian garb and worked as attachments alongside the military, as the common people increasingly fought back. In 1964 Duvalier, by then firmly in control, had himself elected president for life. Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. The album features seven numbers, including two apiece by Knowles (Dreams, You Make My Jelly Roll) and French (Natural High Part I and Part II, counted as two separate songs). 'Baby Doc' wants Haiti presidency. "Everyone knows what happened from 1971 to 1986," a reference to Duvalier's tenure. Howard and Blaikley changed the name of Scotts band to Windmill and produced their three 1969/70 singles on MCA/Decca: Big Bertha (b/w Hey, Drummer Man), Such Sweet Sorrow (b/w I Can Fly, recorded earlier by The Herd), and Wilburs Thing (b/w Twos Company, Threes a Crowd). golfeur, maison a vendre montpellier hotels france. Change). See a recent post on . [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held aconstitutionalreferendum that declared him presidentforlife. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale ( MVSN ). Information on the situation and treatment of former Tonton Macoutes and whether their family members are targeted by the chimres, members of the Lavalas movement or state actors was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. The Tonton Macoutes were not paid a salary and they were guided by the rule "the wolf's feet are fed". Papa Doc's guard worked very simply a man was accused of plotting against the president, after which Tonton Macoutes were sent to him. Wikipedia: Madame Max Adolphe was the right hand woman of Franois Duvalier during his presidency in Haiti.Adolphe, then known as Rosalie Bosquet, came to the attention of Francois during an attempt on his life. Haiti under Duvalier was, in effect, a police state. They signed to RCA, which placed them in a group of bands (Spring, Dando Shaft, Raw Material, Indian Summer) issued on the labels short-lived underground division, Neon. The Tonton Macoutes cut out the hearts, eyes and lungs of opponents with machetes, while Papa Doc, who stole almost a billion pounds in foreign aid, insisted that every television and radio . The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the FrontfortheAdvancementandProgressofHati (FRAPH), which TorontoStar journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be. According to testimony, brothers Gerald and Gary Piquion were killed Feb. 8, 1965, when LHerisson fired into the crowd at a pre-Lenten Carnival celebration. The latest chapter began in 1991 when . Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. Haitian paramilitary force under Duvalier dynasty. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. More than 20 . In this novel characters who are the victim of "tonton-macoute" are likely to repress their experiences in their unconscious level of mind to the extent that, eventually, they may not be readily available in their memory. Undoubtedly, the alleged reduction in "intentional homicides'' does not include the victims of G9 massacres like Gyrlande Polis. But even what is known about the 29 years of Duvalier rule is barely taught in Haitian schools. Taylor Strecker Husband, To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Plot Summary:The victim of a twisted mans artistic fantasies awakens to find himself tied to a chair with his mouth grotesquely sewn shut. In the novel The Dew Breaker Danticat presents the corrupt, evil, inhuman, brutal action Stoning Victim in Port-au-Prince. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. "1.2. Costa Rica est cas de cancer la scie vu qui Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. A third victim, Durier Cadet, was paralyzed and died 2 1/2 years later. Papa Doc Duvalier established the Volunteers for National Security - which Haitians called Tonton Macoutes, or bogeymen - in 1958 to intimidate or eliminate political opposition. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. JeanClaude Duvalier relied on the Tonton Macoutes and the other paramilitary institutions to enforce his will until he and his family fled Haiti on February 7, 1986, boarding a U.S. military . He was a former member of the Tonton Macoute who was supposedly reformed of his old ways while as a member of the New Hope Foundation. Before cofounding the FRAPH, Chamblain had served with the Tonton Macoutes, the infamous paramilitary arm of the Duvalier dictatorship, which according to human rights organizations was responsible for killing tens of thousands of people and victimizing many more. Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole . A good number of these new bodies were being formed by former Macoutes. Many of these militias remained nostalgic for the good old days of Duvalierism, with some even attempting to ignite their own reign of terror. In 1977, he formed the Paul French Connection for the Arista single Halfway Hotel. That band morphed into melodic-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. Tonton Macoutes (properly Tonton-Makout or Tontonmakout, sing. [9][11] They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. On Papa Doc's death in 1971, his son Baby Doc assumed power and renamed the Tonton Macoutes (who were understandably getting a bad name by now and not viewed as a positive force in Haiti) the "National Security Volunteers". How Did The Sky Look On A Certain Date Nasa, Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the abbreviated name Tonton in 1972. Even recently when it seemed that the overthrow of the Duvalier dynasty would end the dreaded Tonton Macoute and ease the pressure against resisters, we are reading of the activities of the Leopards. 'Baby Doc' wants Haiti presidency. Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. Jean-Claude kept the militia after his father died in 1971. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves. In the episode, Doakes has an altercation with Jacques Bayard, a past member of Tonton Macoute. . In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"). From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. Another victim had an even . When we think of zombies we imagine the terrible living dead who eat human flesh that we see in films and tv shows such as " The Walking Dead " and " Dawn Of The Dead. Macoute Blood Marilise was eighteen in the fall of 1992, when she boarded a boat leaving Haiti. History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). He was a former member of the Tonton Macoute who was supposedly reformed of his old ways while as a member of the New Hope Foundation. Defense lawyers said LHerisson fired accidentally and have appealed the courts decision, Pierre said. ), Your email address will not be published. Tonton Macoute wasthe name of a boogeyman (a folkloric word for a demon creature that goes from kids to kids house's and scares them.) This particular name was earned by one of his endeavors of extorting blood plasma from locals for sale. You dont go to a Carnival party with a machine gun, a revolver and a rifle.. The imagery was photographed and illustrated by Keef (aka Keith MacMillan) in a style similar to his other covers from the period, as seen on titles by Rod Stewart (An Old Raincoat Wont Ever Let You Down), Colosseum (Valentyne Suite), Affinity (Affinity), and Beggars Opera (Act One). In author Shannon Mayers Forty-Proof series, the 4th installment (titled Midlife Ghost Hunter) uses a voodoo zombie army called the Tonton Macoutes as the main villains army. The Dew Breaker - 2004. Collections; . Certainly, the main tool for the maintenance of the regimes grasp on the population through much of this period was the Tonton Macoutes, renamed in 1971 as the Milice de Voluntaires de la Scurit Nationale MVSN (Volunteers for National Security). [16], When Franois Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou was becoming celebrated for its purely Haitian heritage by intellectuals and the griots after having been let go for years by those with education. [16], When Franois Duvalier came to power in 1957, Vodou was becoming celebrated for its purely Haitian heritage by intellectuals and the griots after having been let go for years by those with education. The Tontons Macoutes murdered between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. Unique Album For My Unique SubscribersVinyl Rip (LP 1971)Tonton Macoute was a progressive jazz/rock band formed in the UK in 1971 from the remaining 4 musicians of Windmill after the death of lead singer/guitarist Dick Scott in a road accident whilst on tour. By 1963, president John F. Kennedy, concerned about the actions of the Macoute and by reports that Duvalier was skimming as much as $15 million a year from American aid money, had completely cut . the Tonton Macoutes composed of journalists and community leaders filed complaints against Duvalier to ensure his quickness to flee not be so abrupt. Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. By . The self-produced effort was recorded at Advision Studios and engineered by Martin Rushent. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout ) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois Papa Doc Duvalier. They were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapesinHaiti. When the Hospital could not supply this, the local funeral homes would be used. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. For the next two years, DSC gigged steadily in Germany. 4.00. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. . In exuberance of celebration the Tonton Macoute went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party. (LogOut/ [26] FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York, Montreal and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.[27]. connect4education register; don't be a felix cdcr video; westfield knox redevelopment 2020 Leaving Home 4. Collect, curate and comment on your files. They signed to RCA, which placed them in a group of bands (, The self-produced effort was recorded at Advision Studios and engineered by Martin Rushent. . Danticat opens by describing the main character in a soft but insistent way. In English that translates to Uncle Gunnysack. Required fields are marked *, Paul French (keyboards, vocals), Chris Gavin (guitar, bass), Dave Knowles (woodwinds, vocals), Nigel Reveler (drums), Tonton Macoute had its roots in The Dick Scott Company, formed in 1966 by guitarist/singer Dick Scott, a one-time backing player for Screaming Lord Sutch. Originally published in 1970, this is the story of Haiti under the rule of Dr. Fran ois Duvalier. [9][10] They were then renamed to Milice Civile (Civilian Militia), and after 1962, Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Volunteers of the National Security, or VSN). . The Tonton Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. The militia consisted mostly of illiterate fanatics that were converted into ruthless zombie-like gunmen. Must it be transnational, originating in one country but targeting another, . Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. We have been unable to determine a motive for the killing, he added. Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Tonton Macoute had its roots in The Dick Scott Company, formed in 1966 by guitarist/singer Dick Scott, a one-time backing player for Screaming Lord Sutch. Tonton Macoutes Duvalier's Fiendish Legacy. Francois ''Papa Doc'' Duvalier created the personal gang of thugs in 1958. p. 21. Both their allusions to the supernatural and their physical presentations were used with the intention of instilling fear and respect. . The victim was thrown into a stone bag without trial or investigation, or simply killed, and all his . Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". The "Tonton Macoutes" often stoned and burned people alive, regularly following such rites by hanging bodies of their victims in the street as a warning to the population at large. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, Amateur Historian Writes Book on Cuban Soldiers in Angola, http://burtonchenet.com/turbulent_years.php#img/turbulent, Follow Repeating Islands on WordPress.com, Centro de Estudios del CaribeCasa de las Americas, The white ex-naval officer who fathered Bob Marley was a British captain from Essex, Kathleen Martnez continues the search for Cleopatra's tomb, Art Exhibition: Islands Do Strange Things, Lolita Lebrns death shifts attention to her writer granddaughter, THE HARDER THEY COME musical at The Public Theater, Quality Control: a short story by Edwidge Danticat, Death in Paradises Ralf Little: Guadeloupe is my home now. . LHerisson served in the Tonton Macoutes, the militia that terrorized Haiti on behalf of the late dictator Francois Papa Doc Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude, the president-for-life who fled the country a year ago. The Tontons Macoutes remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son Baby Doc Duvalier ended in 1986. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological . The nearly thirty years of harsh rule under Franois Papa Doc Duvalier, and his son, Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier that ended in 1986, are likely the most infamous epoch in the painful history of this small French-Creole nation that occupies the western third of the Caribbean island of La Hispaniola. Tonton Macoute. Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. Massive crowd surrounds Guy Malary International Airport in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to prevent President Jean-Claude Duvalier's paramilitary police. . Tonton Macoute victims were traditionally left hanging in public as warnings. Haitian paramilitary force under Duvalier dynasty. "This is a good decision," said Mario Joseph, one of the attorneys for the victims. The experience underscored to me that there were many hidden stories from that dictatorship, and thousands of nameless victims. His work exposes the evil of Duvalier's rule and the tale . . ), a Haitian term that describes an old folktale character (Uncle Knapsack) who snatches children into a knapsack or basket (makout) and often eats them alive.In the late 1950s, Haitians applied this term to the masked goons working for Franois Duvalier's secret police, a largely middle-class organization . This was a group responsible only to Papa Doc . . It has since been reissued multiple times by Repertoire, Akarma, and Air Mail Archive. [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalier protest movement. . how many calories in a non breaded chicken wing; information studies capstone; burnley tip book a slot; kaylene riddle north carolina He reportedly joined the Duvalierist death squad, the Tonton Macoutes, at the age of 15 and later attended Haiti's military academy. His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the Caribbean". Creole for "Uncle Bogeyman." Refers to the private militia first conscripted under Francois Duvalier, Haitian president from 1957-1971, and formally known as the VSN (Volontaires de la Scurite Nationale). In 1969, they signed a management deal with the songwriting team of Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley, responsible for hits by Lulu, The Herd, The Honeycombs, and Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich. Deveaux is a character in the Dexter Comics. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to "donate" money for public works (which were the source of . Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. "Soldiers and Tonton Macoutes seemed infected with a blood lust and shot anyone who moved or came near the Benoit place," retired Marine Corps officer Charles T. Williamson, in Haiti to help train Duvalier's army, wrote in his 1999 memoir, United States Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. . Reveler co-produced a 1990 field recording by Humpback Whale. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Pull out from tank guarding the presidential palace to wide of palace . The regimes of both leaders tortured and killed political opponents and relied on a dreaded civilian militia known as the Tonton Macoutes. Duvalier (better known as "Papa Doc") came to power in 1957, as a populist, freely elected. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Haiti contains relatively small amounts of gold, silver, antimony, tin, lignite PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier familys private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. Grave digger Deslhomme Destine clears out one of about 30 graves for unclaimed and unidentified earthquake victims February 25, 2010 in Titanyen,. The Tontons Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the abbreviated name Tonton in 1972. The Volunteers of National Security were known almost exclusively as the Tonton Macoutes [3], and constituted an effective network of repression. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida where he lived until his death in 2006. . "1.2. Tonton Macoute was formed in 1959 and was named as Milice Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteer Militia). The Tonton Macoutes . . [23], The lack of funds coming to the Tonton Macoute was a result of those funds being intercepted by the Duvalier dynasty which was sometimes taking nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, then turning around to pay only 45 percent of the debts the country owed. The Haitians nicknamed this warlord-led goon squad the Tonton Macoutes, after the Creole translation of a common myth, about an uncle (Tonton) who kidnaps and punishes obstreperous kids by snaring them in a gunnysack (Macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. 2023 Getty Images. He renamed the Tonton Macoutes, a much feared group of secret police who served "Papa Doc . One man who claimed to be a former Tonton Macoute member said Haiti was known as the pearl of the Antilles and turned to the "pearl of trash" after Duvalier . The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier . The innerfold shows the members spread about a car heap. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). Hull City Wages, Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and humanrights abuses to suppress political opposition. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s emerged as a political presence just as sadistic as the MVSN: the Revolutionary Front for the Advancement and Progress of HaitiFRAPH, which Toronto Stars crack journalist Linda Diebel described as modern-Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be. , Such Sweet Sorrow (b/w I Can Fly, recorded earlier by The Herd), and Wilburs Thing (b/w Twos Company, Threes a Crowd). CREATIVE. [6], Led by Emmanual Constant, FRAPH differed from the Tonton Macoute in its denial to submit to the will of a single authority and its cooperation with regular military forces. Jean-Claude Duvalier, who once ruled the benighted country of Haiti, succumbed to a heart attack last Saturday at age 63. The Human Rights Watch reported on Haiti in 2004 and stated, The United States, notably, showed little enthusiasm for the prosecution of past abuses. AHistoryofPoliticalViolenceagainstthePoorTheBlood-SoakedRecordoftheDuvaliers", "Duvalier,64,DiesinHaiti;Son,19,IsNewPresident", "Ogou-Vodou,VoodooSpirit,LwaoftheNagoNation", "5. [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like AzakaMedeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. a top Duvalier official with close ties to the feared Tonton Macoutes and alleged planner of a 1988 attack on . In retaliation, the tonton macoutes attacked the Church of St. Jean Bosco, killing 13 members of Aristide's congregation in 1988, two weeks before he was expelled from the Salesian order. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. He then attempts to escape the house of the mad man who kidnapped him in a film shot entirely in one uncut take. . From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. The fillette lalo, on the other hand, has a more fictional origin. A third victim, Durier Cadet, was paralyzed and died 2 1/2 years later. [18][19], Some of the most important members of the Tontons Macoute were Vodou leaders. Raylan mis speaks the name (sarcastically) as Tom Tom Macoo as a means to insult or attempt to agitate the Haitian character. Wer gerne fr die Erdbebenopfer in der Trkei & Syrien was brig hat, kann gerne hier spenden: https://www.betterplace.org/de/fundraising-events/43885-der-kc-s . . Made of hundreds of individual staples, for each victim of the regime who perished in one of its many crimes, . Vlj mellan premium The Tonton Macoutes av hgsta kvalitet. Some of the victims of Fort Dimanche have brought charges against Duvalier like soccer coach, . CREATIVE. . In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). englewood section 8 housing. Keyboardist/vocalist Paul French reemerged at decades end with art-rockers Voyager, which issued three albums between 1979 and 1981. but in order to intimidate or prevent the victim from participating in a current or future . Tonton Macoute was first reissued in 1992 by German archivists Witch & Warlock. The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. He stated once in the British newspaper The Independent that a good Duvalierist is prepared to kill his children (for Duvalier) and expects his children to kill their parents for him. . It seems more certain than ever before that Jean-Claude Duvalier will be facing in the near future many of the victims of his private militia known as the Tonton Macoutes. Around this time, he composed for ATV Music. He renamed the Tonton Macoutes, a much feared group of secret police who served "Papa Doc . The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalierprotestmovement. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Gerda Benoit-Prval, far right, with Tonton Macoute-type eyeglasses. and pl. [21] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ The Duvaliers are gone, but they left behind one of the new government's biggest problems: the Tonton Macoutes, a private army that tortured and killed at will for three decades. In 1972, the band halved its name to Tonton for the RCA standalone single Summer of Our Love (b/w Greyhound Lady), orchestrated by Junior Campbell (Marmalade, Miller Anderson). It sees the band divided into two songwriting pairs: Knowles/French (side A) and Gavin/Reveler (side B). Keef - photographer/designer Keith McMillan - is known for his work for the Vertigo label, and. But . . The story takes place in New Orleans. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). Their murderous militia, the Tonton Macoutes, allegedly killed more than 30,000 opponents. They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. (Tonton Macoute is not to be confused with the 1970 album Ton-Ton Macoute! As a victim of rape myself I know how life-shattering this is for the female and possibly even more so male victims. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier).