2010;473:525. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Brain Res. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Nat Med. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Merola et al. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed 2015;91:42634. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. The effects are usually . Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. 2011;35:36978. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2014;53:22230. . Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . 1984;4:285665. 2006;79:13140. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. [42] found similar results. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2002;57:2702. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. 2 Researchers have been working. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Trends Cell Biol. 1999;75:44756. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Technol Cancer Res Treat. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. The role of microRNAs in cancer. 2006;27:295306. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Cite this article. 2007;96:218196. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Am J Epidemiol. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Article Int J Occup Environ Health. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2010;28:445. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. CAS [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. 2012;112:1715. Google Scholar. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Neurobiol Learn Mem. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. CAS 2004;25:4957. 2006;98:170713. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Eastern J Med. Mol Brain Res. Annu Rev Physiol. [84] and Sharma et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Suhhova et al. BMJ. 2016;25:31827. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. 2015;36:4804. Yale J Biol Med. 2004;2004:19. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2000;6:18793. PubMed They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Acta Pharmacol Sin. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. 2004;996:8996. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Arch Environ Health. Behav Brain Res. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. 2013;89:11007. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. 2003;14:2436. Gene. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. 2012;25:1828. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. 2012;31:25074. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Mol Cell Biol. Verma et al. Wang et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. PubMed Central Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 2015;140:23646. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. J Neuro. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Mack et al. 2006;12:44651. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. 2009;27:556572. The Dangers of Microwaves and Their Effects on Food - Natural Society Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;360:6577. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Sci STKE. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. 1992;6:379. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 1996;180:917. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Article 2014;12:75. Article Wang et al. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Brain Res Rev. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2004;48:46624. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. 2012;21:6209. 2006;5:389. 2005;130:591600. Electromagn Biol Med. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. California Privacy Statement, 2003;140:147. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? PubMed The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2013;32:27380. Wang et al. Int J Hyg Environ Health. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. 2012;62:22336. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Gold PE. 1984;5:6370. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 2008;169:3845. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Google Scholar. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Dasdag et al. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Surg Neurol. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. 1993;13:41322. Bioelectromagnetics. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2015;148:150. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. millimeter, or equivalently. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . PubMed Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Zhang et al. 2008;49:16370. J Natl Cancer Inst. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2014;90:2935. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. 2015;28:1324. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. J Neurosci. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Lai et al. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. 2010;1347:17985. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. 2017;326:291. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. & Hu, XJ. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. J Electromagnet Anal. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2003;11:346. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. J Pharm Sci. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Kwon et al. CAS PubMed Qutob et al. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2003;41:26887. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2001;12:72931. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2005;438:18592. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. PubMed Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.