Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic - Nature Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Haplogroup G-M201 - Wikipedia Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. (a) Principal component analysis by population. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. (Behar et al., 2012b) Origin Most researchers consider the birthplace of G to have been born in East Asia. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . Summary. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest.