Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Company Reg no: 04489574. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Boston Spa, A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. 214 High Street, Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. - Leith blockade. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Manage Settings They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. What were the causes of westward Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. As such, I disagree with the statement. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. to answer the Section Focus Question: This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. VAT reg no 816865400. 214 High Street, In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Boston Spa, This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. LS23 6AD King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Best Answer. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Company Reg no: 04489574. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Henry himself gave people cause . Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. West Yorkshire, These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. Norfolk was killed in 1572. 1558 -french threat. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. 14-16 / The invasion failed, however. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Save. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. . Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Copy. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. - death of henry II. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. france, italy, greece vacation packages, how old was alexa demie when she filmed mid90s, motels on lapeer rd, port huron,